Replacing Brominated Flame Retardants in PVC: Safer Alternatives for Fire Safety
Flame retardants are commonly added to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to reduce flammability, with brominated compounds among the most effective. However, these substances pose serious environmental and health risks due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. In Ukraine, up to 1,200 kg of brominated flame retardants enter the market annually through PVC products. These compounds are released during production, use, disposal, and recycling, contaminating air, water, and food chains. Human exposure is linked to thyroid disorders, neurotoxicity, reproductive issues, and cancer. Phosphorus-based flame retardants (FOCs) have emerged as safer, non-halogenated alternatives offering high fire resistance and low toxicity. FOCs work by forming a protective char layer that reduces heat and smoke generation. New developments include bio-based flame retardants derived from lignin and proteins, combining sustainability with safety. These alternatives integrate well into PVC without compromising mechanical properties. Transitioning to FOC-based and halogen-free solutions is essential to reduce fire hazards while protecting health and the environment.
