Cassava (Manihot esculenta) also known as tapioca, is a key agricultural crop in Jamaica, valued for its potential in value-added products like known as Bammy, Pancake Mix, Cassava Chips, and Bammy Sticks. However, the production of these items generates significant waste, including peelings (20-30% of the tuber weight), fibrous by-products (pulp waste), starch residue, and wastewater.
Coral reefs are keystone species providing nutrients and shelter for many marine organisms. Coral restoration continues to face many challenges involving various external factors such as pollution, acidification, and overfishing. These ecosystems are primarily threatened by ocean warming leading to coral bleaching, which disrupts a symbiotic relationship by expelling algae. This is a unique and crucial symbiotic relationship with Symbiodiniaceae, where both exchange nutrients. If dysbiosis persists, coral becomes more vulnerable leading to death.