Metal catalysts play a fundamental role in the pursuit of sustainable practices. They can optimize efficiency and minimize waste in chemical reactions that produce sustainable products/processes, helping to reduce harmful substances to the environment and human health, combat climate change, and generate clean energy. The most widely used catalysts are noble metals (e.g., platinum, palladium, and iridium) due to their desirable catalytic properties, such as high stability and temperature tolerance. However, the use of noble metals is hindered by their high cost and limited availability. These metals are primarily obtained from large quantities of low-grade ores, requiring extensive mining efforts to extract even small amounts. The extraction process consumes a significant amount of energy and can cause environmental damage. In response to these challenges, alternatives are being explored. One such alternative is the substitution of noble metals with non-noble transition metals, such as titanium, iron, cobalt, and nickel.