Comparative life cycle assessment of lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and solid-state battery cells for electric vehicles
The transition toward electrification of transportation has resulted in a rapid increase in the demand for battery cells. While this demand is currently being met through the use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), alternative batteries like sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and solid-state batteries (SSBs) are emerging as relevant alternatives. In this study, we analyze, based on current electric vehicle electrode stack designs, the environmental impact of LIB cells, SIB cells, and SSB cells.