green solvents; water; magnetic nanocatalysis; micellar catalysis

Catalysis plays an essential role in the synthesis of organic compounds, fully aligning with the ninth principle of sustainable chemistry. In recent years, nanomaterials have emerged as promising catalysts, offering stability, recyclability, and high efficiency. Among the most widely used catalysts in organic synthesis are those derived from palladium (Pd), a highly effective but costly and scarce metal.

Water presents significant advantages when used in heterogeneous catalysis. Unlike traditional organic solvents, water is non-toxic, non-flammable, and readily available. Heterogeneous catalysts, which differ in state from the reaction medium, can be performed in water to facilitate various chemical reactions. For instance, micellar catalysis has proven effective for aminations, leveraging recyclable catalysts and aqueous reaction media to achieve high reactions yields of pharmaceutical APIs and complex targets.