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Catalysis

Thermal Polyaspartic Acid (TPA)

Two synthetic routes for the production of thermal polyaspartic acid. TPA is a non-toxic, biodegradable, and cost-effective polymer with applications in many industrial processes, such as agriculture, water treatment, detergent, and oil and gas industries. TPA functions as a more sustainable alternative to conventional polyacrylic acids (PAC). The first route for the synthesis of TPA consists of a solventless solid-state-polymerization-reaction that transforms the aspartic acid monomor into polysuccinimide, eliminating the use of organic solvents.

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP)

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerizatoin (ATRP) for manufacturing polymers. ATRP is the most effecting method of controlled radical polymerization (CRP). The ATRP process allows for the easy formation of polymers by assembling monomors in a piece-by-piece fashion. This allows for the production of a wide range of polymers with specific functions and properties. The ATRP process uses enviromentally friends chemicals, such ascorbic acid, and requires less transition metal catalysts.

Novo22™ - Rinnovo™

Catalysts that use carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide to produce polymers. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are ideal feedstocks for chemistry because they are abundant, renewable, and easily extracted at low costs. This technology polymerizes carbon dioxide and epoxides into polycarbonates that can be used as feedstocks to produce pharmaceuticals and plastics. Novomer Inc. uses polycarbonate coating in their electronics through a process called Novo™.

AirCarbon

Plastic polymer made from the contact between methane-based gas mixture and common atmospheric gases. This technology uses natural ocean organisms to make PHB from air and greenhouse gases. This PHB is AirCarbon. AirCarbon can be melted and cooled into fibers, sheets, and solid parts in order replace synthetic plastic and animal leather. PHB is natural and natural microorganisms can consume it. AirCarbon anaerobically digests into greenhouse gases that can be used to make new Air Carbon.

Eucodis Bioscience Enzymes

Custom enzymes for biopharma, fine chemicals, cosmetics, and other industries. This company generates novel enzyme-based biocatalysts for industrial and white biotechnology applications. Currently, they have made over 50 enzymes, including innovative lipases, beta-lactamases, peroxidases, and other enzymes. Enzymes are an alternative to complex synthesis steps as they only require a single biocatalytic step that reduces energy and chemical consumption by enabling chemical reactions to occur at lower temperatures.

Redesign of the Sertraline Production Process

New process for the manufacturing of sertraline, the active ingredient of Zoloft®. Sertraline is traditionally manufactured through a three-step streamlined process. This process is relatively wasteful and has low efficiency. Pfizer has developed a new single-step manufacturing process with environmental and human safety improvements, high yields, and an extremely pure product. Using a new palladium catalyst reduces the use of raw materials. The process has better reagents economy and improved cost-efficiency. 

Evolution of Biocatalysts Towards the Production of Atorvastatin

Enzymes that improve the production of Atorvastatin calcium, an essential building block of Lipitor. Atorvastatin calcium is produced through hydroxynitrile (HN). This conventional process yields less than 50% and requires hydrogen bromide (a hazardous chemical). Codexis introduces a new enzymatic pathway that consists of three bioengineered enzymes that reduce the original process to two steps. This new process by Codexis® works in mild conditions and produces significantly higher yields. It also reduces environmental and health hazards by producing fewer byproducts and waste.

Use of Transaminase Towards Greener Manufacturing of Sitagliptin

Synthesis of sitagliptin for drug, Januvia, developed through a collaboration between Merck & Co., Inc. and Codexis, Inc. Januvia is used to treat type II diabetes. The active ingredient, sitagliptin, conventionally requires an expensive and energy-intensive crystallization and high-pressure step. These companies use transaminase enzymes to increase selectivity and efficiency and reduce overall waste. 

Improved Synthesis of Ibuprofen

Four-step synthetic route for ibuprofen production. This company's four-step synthetic route is an alternative to the traditional six-step synthetic route. This new process has 90% atom efficiency compared to the original process with less than 40% atom efficiency. Using anhydrous hydrogen fluoride as a solvent and catalyst reduces the volume of generated waste and increases the reaction's selectivity. Anhydrous hydrogen can also be recovered and reused with 99.9% efficiency.

Green Synthesis of Aprepitant

Improved synthesis of aprepitant, the active ingredient in Emend® — a drug that combats chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. This new process assembles aprepitant in 3 highly atom-economical steps (compared to the traditional 6 steps) and nearly doubles the yield. Compared with the first-generation synthesis, this new route eliminates sodium cyanide, dimethyl titanocene, and gaseous ammonia. This new process also requires only 20% of the raw materials and water used in the original process, eliminating approximately 41,000 gallons of waste per 1,000 pounds of aprepitant.

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